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What should I know about energy? The basics of understanding energy, its sources, and production

This is one of the key scientific questions concerning our lives. The answer is not simple, but in this text, I will attempt to outline as clearly as possible the essence and significance of energy, some of its sources— including renewable sources — and the way it influences our daily lives.

What is energy, and how do we measure it?

Energy is ubiquitous and essential for the functioning of the universe. We know that it powers everything — from our bodies and biological processes, through natural forces such as wind and waves, to advanced technologies and the light of stars.

Although it takes many different forms—such as mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and nuclear energy —i t all boils down to one fundamental concept: energy is primarily the ability to perform work, which in the language of physics is the result of multiplying force by displacement.

Although this basic definition has been expanded in science, for the purposes of this text, it will suffice.

However, to understand how we measure energy, we must also know about:

Work unit, which is the joule (J), informing us about the amount of energy, work, or heat. 1 J is the work done when a force of 1 newton moves an object by 1 meter in the direction of the force.
Power unit, which is the watt (W), informing us about how much work was done in a unit of time.

💡The device has a power of 1 watt if it performs 1 joule of work in 1 second. Therefore, a 10 W LED bulb consumes 10 joules of energy every second of its operation.

smart grid

Energy in practice

Before I write more about electrical energy, which is the foundation of Electrum’s operations, let’s look at energy through the lens of our everyday experience.

When we consume a meal, the energy from the food breaks down in our body so it can work, performing a range of tasks that make up life.

However, even things that seem lifeless from our perspective store energy. For example, a piece of wood, which we can use to sustain a fire in a campfire, contains chemical energy resulting from the bonds between the atoms that make it up. If these bonds are broken, for instance, by applying heat, the chemical energy is released in the form of fire.

E = mc². What does it mean?

However, energy is not just about motion and heat – there is an even more powerful source of it, hidden within matter itself. Let’s stick with the piece of wood mentioned earlier. Every atom in its structure has a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, and the energy that holds them together is one of the most powerful forces in the universe. This is nuclear energy.

If we were to break the atomic nuclei in a fission reaction, a huge amount of energy would be released – far greater than in any chemical reaction.

It is this nuclear energy that powers nuclear power plants, where controlled fission reactions release heat, which then turns water into steam, driving turbines that produce electricity (which we will discuss later in the text).

E = mc² – this is one of the most famous formulas in physics, which tells us that energy (E) and mass (m) are actually the same thing, just in different forms. C² is the speed of light squared – an enormous number that shows how much energy is hidden in even a small amount of matter.

However, the conversion of 100% of matter into energy, while theoretically possible, is highly unlikely. In the case of nuclear fuel, only a small percentage of it is converted into energy (which still generates enormous power).

Interestingly, Poland is currently the only country in Central Europe without a nuclear power plant. We only have the research nuclear reactor MARIA in Otwock.

Energy Generation and Energy Industry

Since we’re talking about nuclear reactors, it’s worth taking a look at the entire branch of industry that deals with the production and distribution of electricity and heat: the energy sector. We can divide it into conventional and unconventional energy.

  • Conventional energy – present since the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, involves generating energy by burning fuels such as coal, lignite, oil, and gas, which are understood here as non-renewable energy sources.
  • Unconventional energy – on the other hand, refers to other methods of obtaining energy from renewable sources such as water, sunlight, wind, heat, or from an alternative source such as nuclear reactions.

An interesting point is the issue of biomass, which is a renewable source, but energy is obtained from it in a conventional manner due to emissions and the way it’s produced.

If you want to learn about how wind energy and solar energy work, you can read our articles:

💡 Let’s return to the unit of power, i.e., 1 watt!

In the context of renewable energy sources, let’s go back to the unit of power mentioned at the beginning – 1 watt, or rather 1 megawatt (MW) – which allows us to evaluate how effectively energy generation technologies work.

For example, a 2 MW wind turbine means that under favorable conditions, it can deliver 2 million joules of energy every second. Similarly, photovoltaic panels convert sunlight into electricity, and their power, measured in megawatts, determines how much energy they can produce over time.

The higher the system’s power, the more energy we can obtain. And today, we know one thing for sure: we need a lot of it. We discussed how the world is entering the era of electricity in an article prepared for World Energy Day 2024.

what is energy

Electricity

We know that electricity can be generated in various ways.

At Electrum, the core of our work is electricity obtained from renewable sources.

Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the movement of electric charges, mainly electrons. It is one of the most versatile and widely used types of energy because it can easily be converted into other forms, such as heat, light, or motion.

So, what exactly is electric current?

Electric current is simply the orderly movement of electrons in a conductor (a specific material, such as copper), usually under the influence of an electric voltage (a potential difference between two points). It can take the form of:

  • Direct current (DC) – where electrons flow in one direction (as in batteries).
  • Alternating current (AC) – where the direction of electron flow changes cyclically (as in electrical outlets).

Electricity can easily be converted into other forms:

  • In a light bulb, it turns into light and heat.
  • In an electric motor, it transforms into mechanical energy (motion).
  • In an electric heater, it changes into heat.

Importantly, electricity itself is not a fuel. Fuel refers to a material or substance that contains energy and can release it through combustion, chemical reactions, or other physical processes. Therefore, energy always comes from some source.

This is why the question is so important: how do we produce energy, and do we do it in a sustainable way?

Renewable energy sources are key in the process of decarbonization and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. But I will discuss that in another article.

Important: Energy never disappears!

An important thing to understand is that energy cannot be destroyed or irreversibly lost – it can only be transferred. Energy in nature never disappears; it just changes form and moves from one place to another. Energy always has to go somewhere.

When we plug a phone into a charger, the electrical energy from the outlet goes through several transformation stages before being used, and then continues its “journey.”

The outlet provides high voltage electricity (e.g., 230V), the charger converts it to a lower voltage (e.g., 5V or 20V) and changes alternating current to direct current.

👉 Volt (V) is the unit of electric voltage, meaning the potential difference between two points in a circuit. The higher the voltage, the greater the force with which electrons are pushed through the conductor. For example, in a home outlet, we have 230V, but phone chargers reduce this voltage to safe levels of 5V or 20V so that it can be used by the device.

…tracking our energy further: the phone receives electrical energy and stores it in the battery as chemical energy. While using the phone, the battery converts the chemical energy back into electrical energy, which powers various components – the light from the screen reaches our eyes and surroundings, and a similar process happens with sound waves and heat. Eventually, all the energy that came from the socket is transformed into heat and radiation that spreads into the surrounding world.

Everything is part of the great energy cycle.

Energy must be conserved.

Summary. Key takeaways about energy

  • Energy is the ability to do work – it powers everything, from living organisms to technology and phenomena in the universe.
  • It does not disappear; it just changes form – according to the law of conservation of energy, it transitions from one form to another, but it never vanishes.
  • We measure energy in joules (J) and power in watts (W) – these units help determine the amount and speed of work being done.
  • Energy sources are divided into renewable and non-renewable – the future depends on how wisely we use the former.
  • Electric energy is not a fuel, but a form of energy – it always comes from some source, and its production can have different impacts on the environment.
  • Electric current is the organized flow of electrons – it can be in the form of direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), which affects how it is used.
  • Voltage (Volt) determines the force with which the current flows in the circuit – for example, an outlet provides 230V, while a phone charger reduces it to 5V or 20V.

Sources:

Industrial solar power: What You Need to Know and How to Get Started

Introduction to Industrial Solar Power

Industrial solar power can completely eliminate electricity bills and provide companies with full energy independence. The profitability of solar energy for companies is undeniable – a company utilizing solar energy is a company of the future.

How Does Industrial Photovoltaic Systems Work?

The power of an industrial solar installation is generated by converting solar energy into electricity using industrial solar panels. The operation of industrial solar power relies on large arrays of panels placed on the roofs of buildings or on designated areas. The energy produced by a solar investment can be:

  • directly used by the production facility,
  • stored,
  • or sold to the power grid.

Industrial solar power is gaining popularity rapidly. Green sources of electricity come with four solid benefits.

Solar panel installation by Electrum Holding

Benefits of solar energy for companies

Energy Independence and Financial Gains

Investing in an industrial solar power installation can make your business independent from fluctuating electricity prices, leading to significant long-term energy savings and security. Additional income can be generated from selling excess energy to the grid. The profitability of solar power for industrial use is hard to dispute. Energy independence in times of rising prices is a substantial safeguard for business.

Brand image

Eco-friendly solutions like renewable energy positively impact a company’s image among customers and business partners. By promoting and practicing eco-friendly actions, you build a reputation as a responsible and innovative enterprise, attracting new customers and investors.

Environmental Benefits

Solar for business is a progressive, clean energy source that reduces CO2 emissions and other harmful substances, contributing to environmental protection. The benefits of solar power for businesses extend beyond individual companies and industrial plants, supporting global efforts toward sustainable development.

Technological Benefits and Innovation

Solar power for industrial use represents a step toward modern and innovative technologies. Installing solar panels often coincides with implementing new energy management systems, increasing operational efficiency and profitability.

Companies choosing industrial solar panels can also benefit from advanced technological solutions, such as smart grids or industrial energy storage systems, leading to further savings and increased reliability.

Read also: How energy storage systems revolutionize RES Market?

Types of Industrial Solar Power Installations

Micro-Installations

Photovoltaic systems up to 50 kWp, which are predominant in our country. They reduce energy costs and are typically installed on the roofs of residential buildings or small businesses. These systems can meet the basic energy needs of a household or small company, making them ideal for businesses looking to reduce electricity costs.

Small Installations

From 50 kWp to 1 MWp, these installations benefit larger industrial companies and production plants, allowing significant energy savings and potential income from selling excess energy.

Large Installations

Above 1 MWp, these are designed for major industrial plants or solar farms, significantly impacting the energy balance of the region. They are ideal for companies seeking protection against energy price increases and investing in sustainable development.

Large Installation or Small Solar Installation?

What size of solar installation is suitable for companies? It all depends on the electricity demand. Solar power for manufacturing facilities: how to get started? You need to determine the energy needs of the company.

Solar power plant built by Electrum Holding

Steps to Implement Industrial Solar Power

Energy Consumption Analysis

To effectively plan the implementation of a solar installation, it is advisable to start with an analysis of energy consumption within the company. Reviewing electricity bills from the past 12 months helps to understand average monthly usage and identify seasonal fluctuations that may affect energy demand. It is also important to consider peak consumption hours, which is crucial for designing a cost-effective investment.

Tariff Structure Analysis

The next step is to understand the energy tariffs and fee structures that will determine the choice of solar power for industry. Different energy tariffs can significantly impact the savings from a solar installation, depending on the time of day and the level of energy consumption. Electricity costs can be substantially reduced if the system is optimized for the most expensive periods of consumption.

Consultation with Experts

Consultation with the energy network operator or an energy advisor is essential to obtain precise data on electricity consumption and the technical requirements for connecting the solar installation to the grid. Solar power for manufacturing facilities will offer different opportunities compared to solar power for small businesses. Experts will assist in selecting the appropriate size of the installation and advise on how to best optimize the system for the specific needs of the company, ensuring maximum benefits from the solar installation and proposing modern photovoltaic solutions.

Contact us >> We will be responsible for designing the solar installation, ensuring accurate installation, and providing monitoring solutions. Become independent from energy prices today >>

Future Development Plans

If you are planning for growth or expansion, it is important to consider these plans when estimating energy demand. The solar installation for the facility should be designed not only for current needs but also with future requirements in mind. The capabilities of the solar installation must meet future demands.

Monitoring and Optimization

Modern photovoltaic technology and energy management systems allow for real-time monitoring of energy consumption and optimization of solar installation performance. This enables businesses to continuously adjust their energy needs and maximize energy savings. The source of photovoltaic energy is under constant supervision.

solar-power-plant-monitoring

Read more: Solar energy monitoring | What You Need to Know?

The size of the solar installation for companies: Availability of space and solar installation possibilities

Manufacturing companies often have large roof areas or land that can be used for installing solar panels. Roofs of production halls, warehouses, and administrative buildings are ideal places for mounting solar panels, allowing for efficient use of available space and minimizing the need for additional land. Furthermore, ground-mounted solar farms (off-grid solar for industry) can be particularly beneficial for companies with extensive land not used for other purposes.

Read also: Electrum manages 2.2 MWp Off Grid Solar System – Electrum Holding

Tax incentives: Solar power for companies

Companies can also take advantage of tax incentives, such as depreciation deductions for the purchase and installation of solar systems. Businesses can deduct costs related to the solar installation from their taxable income, reducing the total amount of income tax owed. This is a beneficial solution that reduces the financial burden on the company in the long term and simplifies the accounting for solar power in businesses.

Preferential loans for solar power

Many banks and financial institutions offer preferential loans for investments in renewable energy sources. These loans often feature low interest rates and flexible repayment terms, making them accessible to many businesses.

Solar system lease

Solar system lease is an increasingly popular form of financing, especially among companies that do not want or cannot bear the high initial costs associated with purchasing a system. Leasing allows for the costs to be spread over installments, making it easier for businesses to manage their finances.

Costs and profitability of industrial solar power. Savings for companies through solar installations

The profitability of solar power for industrial companies is undeniable. By conducting a precise analysis of energy consumption, understanding tariffs, consulting with experts, and considering future development plans, businesses can effectively implement solar systems, maximizing savings and supporting their sustainability goals. Optimal use of available spaces and leveraging available forms of financial support can further enhance the profitability of investments in solar power.

Independence from energy prices and energy savings

A solar installation for a facility allows a business to become independent from rising electricity prices. Generating its own energy protects the company from increasing energy costs, which is especially important for large manufacturing plants.

What is the payback period for solar power investment?

The payback period for an investment in solar power depends on various factors, such as the size of the installation, location, sunlight exposure, energy costs, and available forms of financial support. On average, the return on investment for a solar installation in industrial companies occurs within 5-7 years. However, it is important to remember that over time, due to increasing savings on electricity bills and potential income from selling surplus energy, the solar installation becomes increasingly profitable and helps optimize costs.

Costs and Profitability of Industrial Solar Power

The costs of installing solar power systems for industrial companies can vary significantly depending on several factors, such as:

  • system size,
  • type of solar panels,
  • installation location, and
  • level of sunlight exposure.

On average, the price for an industrial installation with a capacity of 100 kWp ranges from 300,000 to 500,000 PLN. For larger installations exceeding 1 MWp, the cost for solar power can reach between 2 to 4 million PLN, depending on technical specifications and the quality of components. However, thanks to available grants and tax incentives, the return on investment for solar power in industry can occur within just a few years. A more accurate estimation depends on the individual situation.

Choosing Solar Power for Industry: Types of Industrial Solar Installations

Companies can choose between different types of installations, including rooftop, ground-mounted, and hybrid systems that combine solar power with other energy sources, such as wind. Installations can also be integrated with energy storage systems.

Read more about this interesting solution: How Solar plus Storage Systems Work?

Choosing Solar Panels for the Facility

The selection of solar panels for a facility depends on several factors, such as available space, sunlight conditions, and the specific energy needs of the facility. It is crucial that the panels are of high quality and possess the appropriate certifications.

Solar panel installation for a Company

How to install the system? The installation process involves several stages:

  1. Energy audit
  2. System design
  3. Obtaining necessary permits
  4. Installation of solar panels and inverters
  5. Commissioning and testing the system

Professional installation ensures the efficiency and longevity of the system.

At Electrum, we are the general contractor for such projects. We are also responsible for designing the solar installation.

Discover our service: Solar farm construction: How We Do It at Electrum Holding

Solar panels installation by Electrum Holding.

Challenges of Industrial Solar Power

Industrial solar power, like any investment, comes with certain challenges. These include high initial costs, the need to obtain permits, and the management and maintenance of the system. Companies must also consider changing regulations regarding renewable energy.

Solar power for industrial use – Summary 

The ideal solar solution for a company depends on its individual energy needs, the availability of installation space, budget, and business development strategy. For small and medium-sized enterprises, smaller rooftop installations may be beneficial, while large industrial facilities might find large ground-mounted solar farms or hybrid installations with energy storage to be ideal solutions. The key is to match the technology to specific conditions and needs, ensuring maximum savings and energy efficiency.

Solar power for industry is an investment that brings tangible financial and environmental benefits. With opportunities to reduce energy costs, available subsidies, and the increasing efficiency of technology, solar power is becoming a more viable solution for both small and large companies. A well-thought-out solar investment can significantly impact a company’s profitability and its contribution to sustainable development.

How to start a solar farm? Step by step guide

In this article, we present the key steps how to start a solar farm. Building a solar photovoltaic power plant is certainly not easy. Most stages require the help of specialists, but before reaching out for their assistance, it is worth understanding the process of constructing a solar farm.

The stages of establishing a solar farm can be divided into design stages (site selection, administrative procedures, construction design) and execution stages (solar farm and accompanying infrastructure construction, electrical connections and testing). Following these stages, there are also aspects related to the effective management of the installation, which will impact the future of the farm.

Quick Facts:

  • The installed capacity of photovoltaics in Poland at the end of February 2025 amounted to 21.8 GW.
  • In 2023, solar installations accounted for about 60% of the installed capacity in the entire renewable energy sector, according to the latest report from the Institute of Renewable Energy. This means that photovoltaics lead the way in the renewable energy sector.
  • By the end of 2023, Poland’s photovoltaic capacity reached 17.08 GW, saving around 23 million tons of CO2 emissions, according to the IEO report.
  • Based on photovoltaic installation capacity, we distinguish between small and large farms. A small farm is an installation with a capacity ranging from 50 kWp to 1 MW. A large photovoltaic installation has a capacity above 1 MW.
  • A photovoltaic power plant is an installation with a capacity of 1 MW or more.
  • To install a 1 MW photovoltaic power plant, approximately 2 hectares of land are required.

How to start a solar farm

How to start a solar farm? Design Stages of Creating a solar power plant

1. Choosing the Location: Finding the Right Land for Photovoltaics

Where to begin? The most important step is choosing the location for the photovoltaic farm, which must take into account many factors such as land suitability for the investment, sunlight availability, and proximity to the grid infrastructure. A suitable location for a photovoltaic farm is one that primarily:

  • Utilizes land with low agricultural value (requirements for solar farms include land of class IV or lower), which does not block areas capable of food production, simplifies administrative procedures, and also reduces the investment cost.
  • Is well-sunlit, where sunlight availability is the measure of the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface within a specified time, expressed in kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m²) per day. Determining sunlight availability allows for a preliminary assessment of how much solar energy can be converted into electricity using photovoltaic panels, and thus a preliminary assessment of the photovoltaic farm’s profitability.

Global horizontal irradiation Poland Photovoltaic power potential

  • It allows for the proper placement of PV panels, which is best ensured by flat terrain; however, it is possible to optimally utilize land with a slight slope towards the south.
  • Proximity to grid infrastructure is another important factor, which means more favorable conditions for connecting the photovoltaic farm to the power grid. This directly impacts the construction costs and profitability of the photovoltaic farm. Locating the farm near existing transmission lines and transformer stations simplifies the procedures, so the recommended distance of the investment from the power grid is a maximum of 200 meters. Specific requirements for this distance may vary depending on local regulations and technical possibilities.
  • It is located at an appropriate distance from residential buildings or public utility areas. It is generally accepted that the minimum distance from buildings is about 100 meters, which minimizes potential nuisances related to noise and light reflections. Actual requirements may depend on local regulations and the specifics of the project.

Learn more about the locational conditions for building a photovoltaic farm: How to Choose the Best Location for Solar Panels

2. Project Procedures: Required Permits and Legal Regulations

If you have a plot of land that meets the initial criteria for establishing a photovoltaic farm, it is important to verify whether a solar farm can be built on that area. This involves considering legal regulations, such as environmental conditions, the local zoning plan, or other administrative decisions for the land.

Local Zoning Plan

If a local zoning plan  exists for the area, you must check whether it allows the construction of a photovoltaic farm. If the LZP permits the construction of solar farms, the investor must comply with all the conditions outlined in the plan. If the LZP does not allow for the construction of such farms, an application must be submitted to amend the plan, which can be a lengthy and tedious process. In the absence of an LZP, it is necessary to apply for a decision on building conditions.

Environmental Decision

Obtaining permits also involves securing an Environmental Decision (ED). This is required when the area covered by the outer edges of the panels exceeds 0.5 hectares in protected areas or 2 hectares in other areas. The requirements for obtaining an ED include conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which involves preparing an environmental report, holding public consultations, and obtaining opinions from various institutions. The decision is issued by the mayor, town mayor, or city president.

Building Permit

After obtaining the ED and meeting the requirements of the LZP, it is necessary to secure a building permit. This process includes preparing a detailed construction design and submitting an application to the appropriate architectural and construction administration authority. The building permit specifies the detailed building conditions for the photovoltaic farm, including the technical and legal requirements that the investment must meet.

Connection to the Power Grid

Required permits also include a document issued by the Distribution System Operator (DSO) or Transmission System Operator (TSO) that outlines the technical requirements for connecting the installation to the National Power System (NPS). This process involves a technical analysis, potential connection fees, and compliance with specified technical standards.

Read more:
How to Effectively Obtain Connection Conditions for a PV Farm?

License

For commercial photovoltaic farms and those with a capacity exceeding 1 MW, a license for the production and further sale of energy from the photovoltaic farm is required. Obtaining a license involves submitting an application to the Energy Regulatory Office (ERO). This process includes presenting a detailed construction project of the photovoltaic farm, technical documentation, and obtaining the previously mentioned administrative and environmental permits. The license is essential for the legal operation of the farm and the sale of energy from the photovoltaic farm to the power grid.

Solar Farm Construction Project: Formalities Before Construction

Before obtaining a building permit, it is necessary to prepare a photovoltaic installation project, which involves creating detailed technical documentation, including the site development plan, architectural and construction design, and technical design.

Site Development Plan

The first step is to create a site development plan, which includes the layout of photovoltaic panels, access roads, technical infrastructure, and other elements necessary for the operation of the solar farm. This plan must take into account the topography of the land, its sunlight exposure, and the existing infrastructure.

Architectural and Construction Design

The next component is the architectural and construction design, which includes detailed technical solutions for the supporting structures of the panels, foundations, fences, and other construction elements. This design must comply with all building codes and technical requirements.

Technical Design

Simultaneously, a technical design is developed, which contains detailed information on the electrical installation, monitoring systems, fire protection, and other technical systems necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the photovoltaic farm. This design also includes the technical specifications of the equipment used and the materials from which various installation elements will be made.

Read more:
Solar Farm Design – What You Need to Know?

Finding the right location, dealing with all the necessary administrative and legal steps, and creating various designs – the design process of setting up a photovoltaic farm is demanding. A sensible solution is to seek the help of specialists. At Electrum, we manage investment projects from concept to managing energy production from the photovoltaic farm.

Contact Us

How to Start a Solar Farm? Execution Stages of Creating a PV Farm

Once the building permit is obtained, the construction of the photovoltaic farm can begin, which involves several key stages. How do you start the construction?

1. Preparing the Site for Construction

The first step in building a photovoltaic farm is preparing the site for the installation of PV panels. This process includes removing any obstacles, leveling the ground, and preparing the foundations that will ensure the stability of the entire structure. The foundations must be properly designed and constructed to meet the requirements of the photovoltaic farm construction.

Installation of solar panels. Electrum Holding solar project

2. Installation of PV Panels

The next stage is the installation of the panels. The panels are mounted on the prepared foundations in a layout that maximizes the use of available sunlight. The construction of a photovoltaic panel farm must be precise to ensure the efficiency and durability of the solar power plant. The installation also includes setting up the supporting structures and systems to protect against various weather conditions.

3. Electrical Connections and Testing

After the panels are installed, the next step involves electrical connections and testing, which are crucial to confirm that the entire system is functioning correctly, meeting energy safety requirements, and complying with technical standards. The procedures related to electrical testing include verifying connections and checking the performance of the modules.

Once everything is ready, a visit to the Distribution System Operator is necessary to finalize the agreement and conduct the final inspection.

Read more in our guide: Solar farm construction: A Comprehensive Guide

How Long Does It Take to Build a Solar Farm?

The execution phase of the investment takes relatively little time. For a 1 MW farm, this stage typically takes about 2-3 months. The most time-consuming part is the design phase, with a strong focus on obtaining approvals and administrative decisions. The entire process (both phases) can take up to 2.5-3 years.

Solar farm installation by Electrum Holding

Costs of Building a Photovoltaic Farm and Financing the Investment

The cost of constructing a 1 MW solar farm depends on many factors. Estimates vary based on variables such as natural conditions, project support costs, material prices, construction costs, and the price of systems and technologies used to manage the farm. The cost of such a farm can range between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 PLN (440,000 to 920,000 EUR.)

If sufficient capital is not available, there are several ways to finance the construction of a photovoltaic farm. Besides loans, one option for securing funds is to take advantage of photovoltaic subsidies. The development of renewable energy in Poland and the growth of photovoltaic farms has led to increased opportunities in this area. Available options include, among others, EU Funds for 2021-2027, as well as regional programs.

How much to start a solar farm?

The profitability of a photovoltaic farm depends on many factors, including total construction costs, financing methods, production efficiency, and energy sales conditions, making it unique to each project.

To illustrate the earnings from a farm, we can use a simplified calculation. Assuming annual production of 1,100 MWh and a price of 600 PLN per MWh, the annual revenue can be calculated as follows:

1,100 MWh/year * 600 PLN/MWh = 660,000 PLN/year After 8 years, the total revenue would be: 5,280,000 PLN (1,160,000 to 1,210,000 EUR).

A photovoltaic investment can be very beneficial, especially in the context of growing demand for renewable energy and the availability of various forms of funding. After a few years, which yield a return on investment, the farm enters a period of steady and stable income, which is the profit from the farm.

Different types of solar power plants generate different revenues. Depending on the purpose of the farm’s construction and the business model, the energy produced by the photovoltaic farm may be intended for self-consumption or for sale.

Monitoring and Management

Solar farm monitoring system

Professional management of a photovoltaic farm through effective monitoring ensures the maximization of profits, extension of the power plant’s lifespan, and helps reduce maintenance costs by enabling quick responses to potential issues.

Read more about solar farm monitoring methods at Electrum:

SCADA System on a Large-Scale PV Farm | Electrum Case Study

Now you know how to start a solar farm, and if you have any questions, feel free to contact us!

Wind turbine components and construction

If you are here to understand how a wind turbine for energy production works, we will help you as best as we can. We will go through what is hidden in the construction of a wind turbine. We will get to know the types of wind turbines responsible for the creation of wind energy. We will also learn about the construction of wind farms at Electrum and our largest wind farms.

People are looking for more and more information about the role wind turbines play in today’s energy mix. Looking at the data from the past year, it is no wonder that wind energy is attracting increasing interest.

According to a report prepared by the Global Wind Energy Council, “Global Wind Report 2024”, 2023 saw the highest number of new onshore turbine installations (a total of over 100 GW) and the second highest for offshore turbines (11 GW)! We have surpassed the symbolic milestone of 1 TW of installed capacity worldwide and, at the current pace, we expect to reach 2 TW before 2030. Wind turbines as a source of electricity will gain importance at a dizzying speed. It’s time to build power plants!

 

If you are interested in the wind farm construction service, check out: Wind farm construction 

wind turbine components - parts. Electrum Holding photo

How a wind turbine works to produce wind energy

How is wind energy generated? Wind turbines convert wind into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. This process begins with the rotor, which rotates under the influence of the wind. The mechanical energy generated in this way is then transferred to a wind generator, which converts it into electrical energy.

A key element in the efficiency of wind turbines are the turbine blades, which must be properly designed to make the most of the available wind.

Types of turbines can vary depending on the application, power, and design. The most common types of wind turbines are divided into vertical-axis and horizontal-axis turbines.

History of wind turbines

The history of wind turbines dates back to ancient times – the first windmills were used to grind grain and pump water. Modern turbines began to develop in the 20th century, evolving from small units on farms to large installations responsible for generating wind energy on a large scale.

The first wind turbine designed to generate electricity was built by Charles F. Brush in 1887 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. This turbine was a huge, 18-meter windmill with wooden blades and had a power of 12 kW. It was the first attempt in history to use wind energy to produce electricity on a larger scale.

A more significant contribution to the development of technology was made by the turbine designed by the Danish inventor Poul la Cour in 1891. La Cour built several turbines in Denmark and conducted research on using wind energy to produce hydrogen, which was then used as an energy source. La Cour is considered one of the pioneers in wind technology.

The year 1941 is also important in the history of renewable wind energy. That year, the Smith-Putnam turbines with a capacity of 1.25 MW were built in the USA, which were the first wind turbines used on an industrial scale.

The development of technologies such as slow-speed turbines and medium-speed turbines or offshore turbines has significantly increased the efficiency of modern turbines.

Wind turbine components

When it comes to the construction of a wind turbine, we will focus on its most important elements. Among them are blades, rotor, tower, and nacelle.

View of the construction site during the erection of wind turbines.

The nacelle is the housing that contains all the key mechanical and electrical components that are the “heart” of the wind turbine. These elements are essential for the proper functioning of the turbine and include:

  • Wind generator with inverter, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
  • Cooling system including fans and liquid cooling systems, which ensure the proper operating temperature of the generator and other components.
  • Control and monitoring systems, i.e., computers and electronic systems that manage the turbine’s operation, monitor its condition, and transmit data to the control center.
  • Transformer, which converts the voltage generated by the generator into a voltage suitable for transmitting energy to the grid.

The rotor is the part of the turbine with blades responsible for capturing wind energy.

What supports the nacelle and rotor at the appropriate height, allowing for effective use of the wind, is the tower. The tower is placed on a properly prepared foundation.

The turbine blades can be set on two axes – the more common horizontal axis or the less common vertical axis.

Horizontal-axis wind turbines are more efficient in steady wind directions. They dominate large wind farms in open spaces.

In vertical-axis designs, the rotor blades rotate around a vertical axis, which allows better use of the wind regardless of its direction. An example of such a wind turbine is the Darrieus turbine. Vertical wind turbines are increasingly appearing in urban spaces due to their compact design.

Wind turbine foundation

The foundation of a wind turbine is the most important element for the stability of the entire structure. Foundations are adapted to the geological and load conditions of a given location. Concrete foundations are most commonly used, although in the case of offshore turbines, pile foundations are often used. Pile foundations consist of many vertical load-bearing elements (so-called piles) that are driven or drilled deep into the ground.

A proper foundation ensures the safety and durability of the turbine, which is crucial for the efficient operation of wind power plants.

Height of a wind turbine

The height of the turbine is another key factor affecting its efficiency. The highest wind turbines exceed 200 meters in height, allowing them to harness stronger and more stable winds, thus generating more energy.

In general, the higher, the stronger the wind. This phenomenon results from the fact that winds at higher altitudes are less affected by terrain, vegetation, and other obstacles. As a result, wind speed usually increases with height, improving the efficiency of wind turbines. The tallest wind turbines in Poland reach 210 meters, and the tallest wind turbines in the world are located in China. The record was broken there with a height of 280 meters!

The height of the turbine is selected according to the project’s specifications and local wind conditions.

Read also:

Energy That Blows: The Potential of Wind Farms in Poland

Small wind power plant projects / mini wind power plants

However, in a world where locality and local self-sufficiency are gaining importance, it is not only the tallest and largest wind installations that matter. It is the small wind power plants / mini wind power plants that are gaining popularity as a way to produce renewable energy on a local scale. Small wind power plant projects can be implemented in various locations. Small-scale wind energy is associated with technologies such as H-type turbines and innovative aeromine turbines.

Construction of a wind turbine blade

Returning to the universal components of the turbine – another element of this puzzle is the turbine blades. Made of lightweight and durable composite materials, they must have the appropriate aerodynamic profile to make the most of wind energy. Turbine blades (also known as rotor blades) are designed to minimize air resistance and maximize the rotor’s rotational speed.

The blade manufacturing process is complex and involves advanced technologies that allow manufacturers to ensure their durability and reliability. Each blade undergoes rigorous quality testing, including strength and fatigue tests, to ensure that it will perform well for years in harsh weather conditions and be resistant to turbine damage. This process is monitored at every stage, and modern technologies – such as structural analysis and computer simulations – are used to optimize designs and improve rotor blade performance.

Mast and blades of a wind turbine at Electrum farm.

Wind turbine tower

The tower is the supporting structure of the turbine, holding the nacelle and rotor at the appropriate height. In onshore applications, it is usually made of steel. Concrete towers are often used in larger turbines (especially for offshore wind power plants) due to their high strength and stability. The tower must withstand loads from wind force, water force (offshore wind power plants), and the weight of the structure. There are different types of towers, including tubular and lattice towers, which are selected based on the project’s specifics and terrain conditions.

Wind turbine inverter

An inverter, also known as a converter, is an electronic device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). Without an inverter, the energy generated by the turbine would be of little use to us. This is because it is generated in the form of direct current, while most power systems and devices operate on alternating current. The inverter allows the conversion of this energy into a form suitable for the power grid and for households and industry. Modern inverters can be equipped with advanced control and monitoring systems that optimize the conversion process and increase system efficiency. In the case of renewable wind energy, a converter is another term for an inverter.

Wind turbine blades

Blades are another term for rotor blades. They are crucial for the efficiency of wind turbines and the generation of renewable wind energy.

Discover: What’s inside a wind turbine? 

How do we build wind turbines at Electrum?

A wind power plant consists of turbines, converter and transformer systems that enable power transmission to the grid, and supporting infrastructure such as access roads and service stations.

At Electrum, we primarily bring large wind installations to life. One of them is the Potęgowo wind farm.

The Potęgowo wind farm consists of 81 turbines, which allow for the generation of 219 MW of power! It is the largest onshore wind power plant in Poland and one of the largest in Europe. It is estimated to help avoid the emission of 514,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually.

Also read: Potęgowo Wind Farm Serviced by Electrum

At Electrum, building a wind power plant involves respecting the lives of animals and local communities. When placing the turbines in Potęgowo, we carefully analyzed the migration routes and grouping, feeding, and nesting areas of birds to avoid interfering with them. Additionally, we ensured that the noise levels in any nearby towns did not exceed permissible norms.

Potęgowo wind farm. Electrum photo.

How is a wind turbine installed?

The installation of a wind turbine begins with site preparation and the construction of solid foundations. In the next stage, we transport and assemble the individual components such as tower segments, nacelle, and turbine rotor.

The tower is erected segment by segment. Next, the nacelle is mounted on top. The rotor blades are precisely attached to the hub, and the entire structure is connected to the power grid.

Each element is thoroughly tested to ensure proper operation and maximum efficiency. The process requires advanced equipment and the cooperation of many specialists. After the installation is completed, the turbine is commissioned and calibrated before being put into operation.

What is involved in servicing wind turbines?

Servicing involves regular inspections, maintenance, and repairs to ensure the proper operation of wind power plants. Servicing is crucial for optimizing efficiency and extending the lifespan – in other words, minimizing downtime and maximizing energy production for as long as possible.

Read more at: Wind turbine maintenance

What Are the Ways of Energy Storage in the Renewable Energy Sector?

Different methods of energy storage in the renewable energy sector provide a balance between energy production and its utilization. They ensure a constant supply of energy to consumers and increase the flexibility of energy systems. In today’s article, we will present the methods of energy storage and what you should know about them.

Methods of Energy Storage

Among the methods of energy storage, we distinguish:

  • Chemical
  • Electrical
  • Thermal
  • Mechanical

Sposoby magazynowania energii na farmach fotowoltaicznych i wiatrowych.

Chemical Energy Storage

The electrochemical storage method involves using batteries to store energy in chemical form. The conversion of electrical energy into chemical compounds is the basis of one of the most popular energy storage technologies. Chemical energy storages mainly include batteries:

  • Low-temperature – lead-acid or lithium-ion
  • High-temperature mainly sodium-sulfur (so-called systems with internal storage – their energy level and output power are independent)
  • Systems with external energy storage – hydrogen/methane and flow batteries (redox-flow batteries).

Types of Energy Storages

Battery Storages

Electrochemical energy storages use chemical processes to store electrical energy. They are otherwise simply called batteries or accumulators. The most popular batteries for storing energy from renewable sources are:

  • Lithium-ion batteries for energy storage – characterized by high energy density, low weight, cycle stability, and long life. Due to their ability to quickly charge and discharge, they are ideal for managing peak loads. Lithium-ion energy storage can perfectly serve as a backup source in the industry and in photovoltaic and wind systems.

Lithium-ion energy storage on RES farms

Lithium-ion batteries are popular in storing electrical energy in renewable energy installations. On photovoltaic farms, batteries are usually placed in specially designed containers (so-called container energy storages) or buildings near photovoltaic panels.

kontenerowe magazyny energii do fotowoltaiki

Lithium iron phosphate batteries

Lithium iron phosphate batteries are considered one of the safest types of lithium-ion batteries. They have high tolerance to high temperatures, reducing the risk of safety issues such as overheating or ignition.

Lead-acid batteries

Lead-acid batteries are the most widespread. These energy storages are characterized by useful power and energy densities with low self-discharge, making them suitable as starter batteries or UPS emergency power supplies, for example in telecommunications. It is worth mentioning that the energy storage system can provide the possibility of compensating for short- and medium-term load changes.

High-temperature batteries

Popular types of high-temperature storages include those based on sodium sulfide (NaS) and sodium chloride and nickel (so-called ZEBRA batteries). Here, the active material is liquid electrolyte, which distinguishes the storages from low-temperature ones. They also require operation at a temperature of about 300°C, a large number of charge/discharge cycles, and high efficiency.

Flow batteries

Flow storages store energy in the form of electrolyte in tanks. They are more scalable than traditional batteries and can store larger amounts of energy, making them suitable for large-scale electricity storage.

Redox-flow batteries

They belong to the group of external chemical storages. Their features include an active material based on salts dissolved in a liquid electrolyte in a separate tank. Another type of flow battery is the vanadium redox-flow battery, a type of energy storage that stores energy in chemical form in electrolyte solutions.

It should be noted that vanadium resources are limited, which affects the economic exploitation. The advantage over internal chemical storage systems is the independence of selecting the power and capacity of the battery.

Hydrogen/Methane

Another way of energy storage is hydrogen, which can be compressed to a significant degree in salt caverns, determining low reservoir costs and high energy storage capacity.

Typy magazynów energii

  • Fuel cells – Convert chemical energy contained in fuel (e.g., hydrogen) directly into electrical energy through chemical reactions. They are efficient and clean since their only byproduct is water.
  • Hydrogen or methane creation – These processes can be used to store electrical energy in chemical form. For example, hydrogenation involves using excess electrical energy to electrolyze water, resulting in hydrogen. It can later be used to power fuel cells or to produce methane, which is easy to store and transport.

Green Hydrogen on Solar and Wind Farms

When planning systems to compensate for the power fluctuations of solar farms, the flammability of hydrogen should be considered. Therefore, green hydrogen is methanated by supplying CO2 (Fischer-Tropsch process). As a result, clean methane is obtained, which is easy to operate and control for safety. The costs of energy storages based on methane are lower.

Electrical Energy Storage Systems

Electrical energy storage technologies usually do not require secondary material for its storage. Storage often occurs in an electrostatic field or a constant magnetic field. These systems can quickly charge and discharge. Two examples are worth discussing here: supercapacitors and superconducting coils.

Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors can be used for short-term energy storage, for example, to balance temporary changes in the production of energy from photovoltaic or wind farms. Due to their ability to quickly charge and discharge, they can deliver energy in short cycles.

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)

Stores energy in the form of a magnetic field generated by direct current flowing through a coil. For lossless energy storage, cooling the coil with liquid helium is required.

Thermal Energy Storage

Thermal storage focuses on heat accumulation that can be used later, for example, to heat buildings or in industrial processes. Energy storage technologies, such as thermal accumulators, use various media like water, stones, or salts to effectively store heat.

These power storage systems are particularly efficient when combined with solar energy, allowing the use of excess heat during periods when solar collectors do not generate energy.

Mechanical Energy Storages

Mechanical energy storage methods, such as hydroelectric power plants or flywheels, store energy through physical processes.

For example, pumped-storage hydroelectric plants store energy by pumping water to a higher-level reservoir, later using it to generate energy through turbines. Flywheels store kinetic energy in a rotating disk, which can quickly release the stored energy to stabilize the grid and respond to sudden changes in demand.

Bateryjny magazyn energii

Pumped-Storage Power Plant

The kinetic energy of water flowing from the upper reservoir to the lower one is converted into electrical energy in a generator. This is a widespread energy storage system, accounting for 99% of global energy storage systems in power grids. Unlike battery systems, the possible locations of such units depend on geographical conditions and are usually located far from energy consumption centers. Economically, pumped-storage power plants are one of the most cost-effective options for electrical energy storage.

Flywheel Energy Storages

Energy storage is also possible by using kinetic energy in rotational motion. Suspended in a vacuum on magnetic bearings, the flywheel stores energy. This type of energy storage is characterized by high durability and high power density. Units focus mainly on reducing short-term voltage and frequency fluctuations to improve energy quality.

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Another type of energy storage – compressed air energy storage (CAES) – uses compressed air as an energy carrier stored, for example, in salt caverns. The development of adiabatic compressed air energy storage systems has progressed with the increase in the use of energy from renewable sources. The principle of operation of a storage system based on compressed air is analogous to that of a pumped-storage power plant. The choice of installation location depends primarily on the availability of underground reservoirs where compressed air can be stored.

Magnetic Energy Storage

Uses a magnetic field to store energy in the form of the potential energy of magnets. Magnetic storages are highly efficient, quickly charge and discharge, and have a long lifespan.

Energy Storage from Photovoltaic Panels

magazynowanie energii na farmach fotowoltaicznych

Various energy storage technologies allow them to be adapted to the needs of each renewable energy investment. Below we present the most popular solutions used to store solar energy:

  • Energy storage batteries – The most common way to store electrical energy produced by photovoltaic panels is batteries. Typical types of batteries used to store energy from photovoltaics are lithium-ion batteries, which are efficient, have a long lifespan, and are easy to manage.
  • Hybrid systems – Storing energy from photovoltaic panels can include the use of hybrid systems. They combine photovoltaic panels with other energy sources such as wind or water turbines. Integrated hybrid systems can offer greater energy independence and can be more efficient in areas where weather conditions dynamically change.
  • Flow technologies – Flow storages are another technology used to store energy from PV panels. Flow storages are scalable and can store larger amounts of energy compared to traditional batteries.
  • Energy management and smart grids – With the development of energy management technologies and smart grids, storing energy from photovoltaic panels is becoming more advanced. Intelligent energy management systems can optimize the charging and discharging time of batteries depending on weather conditions, energy prices, and individual user needs.

Read also: How does a photovoltaic installation with energy storage work?

Energy Storage from Wind Power

magazyn energii

  • Lithium-ion batteries – Are widely used to store excess energy during periods when the wind blows strongly, and energy production is high. They can later release the stored energy when the wind weakens or during periods of increased demand.
  • Flow storages – Also known as flow batteries, store energy in the form of electrolyte, allowing easy adjustment of storage capacity to the requirements of wind energy production.
  • Thermal storages – Wind energy can be used to generate heat stored in thermal substances such as water or stones. This can be used to heat buildings or to produce electricity through a steam turbine.
  • Hydrogen electrolysis – Wind can be used for water electrolysis, producing hydrogen, which is then stored and used to power fuel cells or produce synthetic fuels.

Energy Storage Method – How to Choose the Best One?

Different types of energy storages provide a wide range of uses. The choice of the most optimal storage method depends on factors such as the characteristics of renewable energy production, energy consumption profile, financial requirements, as well as local environmental conditions. When considering different options, it is crucial to understand that each has its unique properties, which may better address specific challenges and needs of a given area or project.

Electrum magazyny energii

At Electrum, we offer solutions tailored to the specific conditions of each renewable energy installation. Our goal is always to manage energy resources efficiently and economically.

Contact us

Hybrid Installation and Energy Storages

A pioneering project by Electrum, implemented under the MESH4U initiative, is the development of a hybrid energy storage system that combines various technologies – from electrochemical to thermal and mechanical.

This multifunctional storage hub not only provides flexibility in managing energy resources for industry and households but also enables technical and economic optimization. Through a holistic approach, the system increases the efficiency of renewable energy utilization and supports the transition towards a low-emission economy.

Read also: Electrum launched the first hybrid energy-informatics system in Poland, integrating RES and energy storages

The Future of Energy Storage

Modern energy storages, called the energy storages of the future, are in an intensive development phase. If you want to know more about this topic, read: How Energy Storages Are Revolutionizing the Renewable Energy Market?

Energy Storage and Monitoring

EMACS Centrum kontroli Electrum

In effective energy storage, it is essential not only how we store the energy but also how we monitor the process. Our innovative EMACS (Everything Monitoring and Control System) solution combines the advantages of the classical SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system with advanced business analysis functions, creating the first and only such multifunctional platform on the Polish market.

Key benefits of implementing the EMACS system include:

  • Significant reduction in operational costs through continuous monitoring of the facility’s infrastructure
  • Immediate response to malfunctions, often allowing remote resolution
  • Improvement of technological processes through automation and utilization of the installation’s maximum capabilities at any given moment
  • Effective monitoring of energy production, consumption, storage, and distribution, allowing precise determination of the energy balance of industrial installations.

Types of Energy Storages – Summary

In this article, we presented various methods of energy storage and types of storages that are an indispensable element of the effective utilization of renewable energy sources. From electrochemical systems, through thermal, to mechanical – each of these technologies has its place in the energy ecosystem, offering specific benefits and opportunities.

Integration of PV Farms with Local Ecosystems

The Impact of Solar Farms on the Environment: Facts and Myths

Did you know that photovoltaic farms, although symbols of green energy, also pose certain environmental challenges? Contrary to common belief, their impact on local ecosystems is not solely positive. It’s not just about occupying substantial land areas but also potential disruptions to the life of local fauna and flora. However, the good news is that conscious planning and solar power system design can significantly minimize these negative effects.

Minimizing Impact on the Land: Practical Solutions

Wondering how we can reduce the negative impact of solar farms on the land? The key is environmental integration. By utilizing less fertile lands, such as degraded areas or building roofs, PV farms can limit their impact on local ecosystems. Additionally, proper site selection that considers the needs of wildlife and flora can ensure harmonious coexistence of technology and nature.

Protecting Biodiversity: Not Just Energy, but Nature

Can PV farms support biodiversity? Absolutely! Innovative approaches, such as creating “green corridors” for wild animals or planting native vegetation around panels, can contribute to the protection and even enhancement of local biodiversity. Such practices not only reduce the impact of farms on the environment but also contribute to the creation of new, ecological habitats.

Harmony of Technology and Nature: The Future of PV Farms

As we can see, photovoltaic solar farms and nature can coexist in harmony. The key is conscious design and implementation of solutions that minimize negative effects while promoting healthy ecosystems. The integration of PV farms with local environments is not only possible but essential for sustainable energy development

Summary: Sustainable Development and the Future of Energy

In conclusion, photovoltaic farms are an important component of renewable energy strategies, but their role in the ecosystem requires careful consideration. Through integration with local environments, minimizing negative impacts, and promoting biodiversity, we can achieve a balance between energy needs and the protection of our planet. Remember, sustainable development is a process where technology and nature must work hand in hand.

Also read: What is the optimal solar panel tilt angle? Poland and the world

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