If you are here to understand how a wind turbine for energy production works, we will help you as best as we can. We will go through what is hidden in the construction of a wind turbine. We will get to know the types of wind turbines responsible for the creation of wind energy. We will also learn about the construction of wind farms at Electrum and our largest wind farms.

People are looking for more and more information about the role wind turbines play in today’s energy mix. Looking at the data from the past year, it is no wonder that wind energy is attracting increasing interest.

According to a report prepared by the Global Wind Energy Council, “Global Wind Report 2024”, 2023 saw the highest number of new onshore turbine installations (a total of over 100 GW) and the second highest for offshore turbines (11 GW)! We have surpassed the symbolic milestone of 1 TW of installed capacity worldwide and, at the current pace, we expect to reach 2 TW before 2030. Wind turbines as a source of electricity will gain importance at a dizzying speed. It’s time to build power plants!

 

If you are interested in the wind farm construction service, check out: Construction of wind farms

How a wind turbine works to produce wind energy

How is wind energy generated? Wind turbines convert wind into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. This process begins with the rotor, which rotates under the influence of the wind. The mechanical energy generated in this way is then transferred to a wind generator, which converts it into electrical energy.

A key element in the efficiency of wind turbines are the turbine blades, which must be properly designed to make the most of the available wind.

Types of turbines can vary depending on the application, power, and design. The most common types of wind turbines are divided into vertical-axis and horizontal-axis turbines.

History of wind turbines

The history of wind turbines dates back to ancient times – the first windmills were used to grind grain and pump water. Modern turbines began to develop in the 20th century, evolving from small units on farms to large installations responsible for generating wind energy on a large scale.

The first wind turbine designed to generate electricity was built by Charles F. Brush in 1887 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. This turbine was a huge, 18-meter windmill with wooden blades and had a power of 12 kW. It was the first attempt in history to use wind energy to produce electricity on a larger scale.

A more significant contribution to the development of technology was made by the turbine designed by the Danish inventor Poul la Cour in 1891. La Cour built several turbines in Denmark and conducted research on using wind energy to produce hydrogen, which was then used as an energy source. La Cour is considered one of the pioneers in wind technology.

The year 1941 is also important in the history of renewable wind energy. That year, the Smith-Putnam turbines with a capacity of 1.25 MW were built in the USA, which were the first wind turbines used on an industrial scale.

The development of technologies such as slow-speed turbines and medium-speed turbines or offshore turbines has significantly increased the efficiency of modern turbines.

Construction of a wind turbine

When it comes to the construction of a wind turbine, we will focus on its most important elements. Among them are blades, rotor, tower, and nacelle.

The nacelle is the housing that contains all the key mechanical and electrical components that are the “heart” of the wind turbine. These elements are essential for the proper functioning of the turbine and include:

• Wind generator with inverter, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• Cooling system including fans and liquid cooling systems, which ensure the proper operating temperature of the generator and other components.
• Control and monitoring systems, i.e., computers and electronic systems that manage the turbine’s operation, monitor its condition, and transmit data to the control center.
• Transformer, which converts the voltage generated by the generator into a voltage suitable for transmitting energy to the grid.

The rotor is the part of the turbine with blades responsible for capturing wind energy.

What supports the nacelle and rotor at the appropriate height, allowing for effective use of the wind, is the tower. The tower is placed on a properly prepared foundation.

The turbine blades can be set on two axes – the more common horizontal axis or the less common vertical axis.

Horizontal-axis wind turbines are more efficient in steady wind directions. They dominate large wind farms in open spaces.

In vertical-axis designs, the rotor blades rotate around a vertical axis, which allows better use of the wind regardless of its direction. An example of such a wind turbine is the Darrieus turbine. Vertical wind turbines are increasingly appearing in urban spaces due to their compact design.

Wind turbine foundation

The foundation of a wind turbine is the most important element for the stability of the entire structure. Foundations are adapted to the geological and load conditions of a given location. Concrete foundations are most commonly used, although in the case of offshore turbines, pile foundations are often used. Pile foundations consist of many vertical load-bearing elements (so-called piles) that are driven or drilled deep into the ground.

A proper foundation ensures the safety and durability of the turbine, which is crucial for the efficient operation of wind power plants.

Height of a wind turbine

The height of the turbine is another key factor affecting its efficiency. The highest wind turbines exceed 200 meters in height, allowing them to harness stronger and more stable winds, thus generating more energy.

In general, the higher, the stronger the wind. This phenomenon results from the fact that winds at higher altitudes are less affected by terrain, vegetation, and other obstacles. As a result, wind speed usually increases with height, improving the efficiency of wind turbines. The tallest wind turbines in Poland reach 210 meters, and the tallest wind turbines in the world are located in China. The record was broken there with a height of 280 meters!

The height of the turbine is selected according to the project’s specifications and local wind conditions.

Read also:

Energy That Blows: The Potential of Wind Farms in Poland

Small wind power plant projects / mini wind power plants

However, in a world where locality and local self-sufficiency are gaining importance, it is not only the tallest and largest wind installations that matter. It is the small wind power plants / mini wind power plants that are gaining popularity as a way to produce renewable energy on a local scale. Small wind power plant projects can be implemented in various locations. Small-scale wind energy is associated with technologies such as H-type turbines and innovative aeromine turbines.

Construction of a wind turbine blade

Returning to the universal components of the turbine – another element of this puzzle is the turbine blades. Made of lightweight and durable composite materials, they must have the appropriate aerodynamic profile to make the most of wind energy. Turbine blades (also known as rotor blades) are designed to minimize air resistance and maximize the rotor’s rotational speed.

The blade manufacturing process is complex and involves advanced technologies that allow manufacturers to ensure their durability and reliability. Each blade undergoes rigorous quality testing, including strength and fatigue tests, to ensure that it will perform well for years in harsh weather conditions and be resistant to turbine damage. This process is monitored at every stage, and modern technologies – such as structural analysis and computer simulations – are used to optimize designs and improve rotor blade performance.

Wind turbine tower

The tower is the supporting structure of the turbine, holding the nacelle and rotor at the appropriate height. In onshore applications, it is usually made of steel. Concrete towers are often used in larger turbines (especially for offshore wind power plants) due to their high strength and stability. The tower must withstand loads from wind force, water force (offshore wind power plants), and the weight of the structure. There are different types of towers, including tubular and lattice towers, which are selected based on the project’s specifics and terrain conditions.

Wind turbine inverter

An inverter, also known as a converter, is an electronic device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). Without an inverter, the energy generated by the turbine would be of little use to us. This is because it is generated in the form of direct current, while most power systems and devices operate on alternating current. The inverter allows the conversion of this energy into a form suitable for the power grid and for households and industry. Modern inverters can be equipped with advanced control and monitoring systems that optimize the conversion process and increase system efficiency. In the case of renewable wind energy, a converter is another term for an inverter.

Wind turbine blades

Blades are another term for rotor blades. They are crucial for the efficiency of wind turbines and the generation of renewable wind energy.

How do we build wind farms at Electrum?

A wind power plant consists of turbines, converter and transformer systems that enable power transmission to the grid, and supporting infrastructure such as access roads and service stations.

At Electrum, we primarily bring large wind installations to life. One of them is the Potęgowo wind farm.

The Potęgowo wind farm consists of 81 turbines, which allow for the generation of 219 MW of power! It is the largest onshore wind power plant in Poland and one of the largest in Europe. It is estimated to help avoid the emission of 514,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually.

At Electrum, building a wind power plant involves respecting the lives of animals and local communities. When placing the turbines in Potęgowo, we carefully analyzed the migration routes and grouping, feeding, and nesting areas of birds to avoid interfering with them. Additionally, we ensured that the noise levels in any nearby towns did not exceed permissible norms.

How is a wind turbine installed?

The installation of a wind turbine begins with site preparation and the construction of solid foundations. In the next stage, we transport and assemble the individual components such as tower segments, nacelle, and turbine rotor.

The tower is erected segment by segment. Next, the nacelle is mounted on top. The rotor blades are precisely attached to the hub, and the entire structure is connected to the power grid.

Each element is thoroughly tested to ensure proper operation and maximum efficiency. The process requires advanced equipment and the cooperation of many specialists. After the installation is completed, the turbine is commissioned and calibrated before being put into operation.

What is involved in servicing wind turbines?

Servicing involves regular inspections, maintenance, and repairs to ensure the proper operation of wind power plants. Servicing is crucial for optimizing efficiency and extending the lifespan – in other words, minimizing downtime and maximizing energy production for as long as possible.

Read more at: Wind turbine servicing

Different methods of energy storage in the renewable energy sector provide a balance between energy production and its utilization. They ensure a constant supply of energy to consumers and increase the flexibility of energy systems. In today’s article, we will present the methods of energy storage and what you should know about them.

Methods of Energy Storage

Among the methods of energy storage, we distinguish:

• Chemical
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Mechanical

Chemical Energy Storage

The electrochemical storage method involves using batteries to store energy in chemical form. The conversion of electrical energy into chemical compounds is the basis of one of the most popular energy storage technologies. Chemical energy storages mainly include batteries:

• Low-temperature – lead-acid or lithium-ion
• High-temperature mainly sodium-sulfur (so-called systems with internal storage – their energy level and output power are independent)
• Systems with external energy storage – hydrogen/methane and flow batteries (redox-flow batteries).

Types of Energy Storages

Battery Storages

Electrochemical energy storages use chemical processes to store electrical energy. They are otherwise simply called batteries or accumulators. The most popular batteries for storing energy from renewable sources are:

• Lithium-ion batteries for energy storage – characterized by high energy density, low weight, cycle stability, and long life. Due to their ability to quickly charge and discharge, they are ideal for managing peak loads. Lithium-ion energy storage can perfectly serve as a backup source in the industry and in photovoltaic and wind systems.

Lithium-ion energy storage on RES farms

Lithium-ion batteries are popular in storing electrical energy in renewable energy installations. On photovoltaic farms, batteries are usually placed in specially designed containers (so-called container energy storages) or buildings near photovoltaic panels.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries

Lithium iron phosphate batteries are considered one of the safest types of lithium-ion batteries. They have high tolerance to high temperatures, reducing the risk of safety issues such as overheating or ignition.

Lead-acid batteries

Lead-acid batteries are the most widespread. These energy storages are characterized by useful power and energy densities with low self-discharge, making them suitable as starter batteries or UPS emergency power supplies, for example in telecommunications. It is worth mentioning that the energy storage system can provide the possibility of compensating for short- and medium-term load changes.

High-temperature batteries

Popular types of high-temperature storages include those based on sodium sulfide (NaS) and sodium chloride and nickel (so-called ZEBRA batteries). Here, the active material is liquid electrolyte, which distinguishes the storages from low-temperature ones. They also require operation at a temperature of about 300°C, a large number of charge/discharge cycles, and high efficiency.

Flow batteries

Flow storages store energy in the form of electrolyte in tanks. They are more scalable than traditional batteries and can store larger amounts of energy, making them suitable for large-scale electricity storage.

Redox-flow batteries

They belong to the group of external chemical storages. Their features include an active material based on salts dissolved in a liquid electrolyte in a separate tank. Another type of flow battery is the vanadium redox-flow battery, a type of energy storage that stores energy in chemical form in electrolyte solutions.

It should be noted that vanadium resources are limited, which affects the economic exploitation. The advantage over internal chemical storage systems is the independence of selecting the power and capacity of the battery.

Hydrogen/Methane

Another way of energy storage is hydrogen, which can be compressed to a significant degree in salt caverns, determining low reservoir costs and high energy storage capacity.

• Fuel cells – Convert chemical energy contained in fuel (e.g., hydrogen) directly into electrical energy through chemical reactions. They are efficient and clean since their only byproduct is water.
• Hydrogen or methane creation – These processes can be used to store electrical energy in chemical form. For example, hydrogenation involves using excess electrical energy to electrolyze water, resulting in hydrogen. It can later be used to power fuel cells or to produce methane, which is easy to store and transport.

Green Hydrogen on Photovoltaic and Wind Farms

When planning systems to compensate for the power fluctuations of photovoltaic farms, the flammability of hydrogen should be considered. Therefore, green hydrogen is methanated by supplying CO2 (Fischer-Tropsch process). As a result, clean methane is obtained, which is easy to operate and control for safety. The costs of energy storages based on methane are lower.

Electrical Energy Storage Systems

Electrical energy storage technologies usually do not require secondary material for its storage. Storage often occurs in an electrostatic field or a constant magnetic field. These systems can quickly charge and discharge. Two examples are worth discussing here: supercapacitors and superconducting coils.

Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors can be used for short-term energy storage, for example, to balance temporary changes in the production of energy from photovoltaic or wind farms. Due to their ability to quickly charge and discharge, they can deliver energy in short cycles.

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)

Stores energy in the form of a magnetic field generated by direct current flowing through a coil. For lossless energy storage, cooling the coil with liquid helium is required.

Thermal Energy Storage

Thermal storage focuses on heat accumulation that can be used later, for example, to heat buildings or in industrial processes. Energy storage technologies, such as thermal accumulators, use various media like water, stones, or salts to effectively store heat.

These power storage systems are particularly efficient when combined with solar energy, allowing the use of excess heat during periods when solar collectors do not generate energy.

Mechanical Energy Storages

Mechanical energy storage methods, such as hydroelectric power plants or flywheels, store energy through physical processes.

For example, pumped-storage hydroelectric plants store energy by pumping water to a higher-level reservoir, later using it to generate energy through turbines. Flywheels store kinetic energy in a rotating disk, which can quickly release the stored energy to stabilize the grid and respond to sudden changes in demand.

Pumped-Storage Power Plant

The kinetic energy of water flowing from the upper reservoir to the lower one is converted into electrical energy in a generator. This is a widespread energy storage system, accounting for 99% of global energy storage systems in power grids. Unlike battery systems, the possible locations of such units depend on geographical conditions and are usually located far from energy consumption centers. Economically, pumped-storage power plants are one of the most cost-effective options for electrical energy storage.

Flywheel Energy Storages

Energy storage is also possible by using kinetic energy in rotational motion. Suspended in a vacuum on magnetic bearings, the flywheel stores energy. This type of energy storage is characterized by high durability and high power density. Units focus mainly on reducing short-term voltage and frequency fluctuations to improve energy quality.

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Another type of energy storage – compressed air energy storage (CAES) – uses compressed air as an energy carrier stored, for example, in salt caverns. The development of adiabatic compressed air energy storage systems has progressed with the increase in the use of energy from renewable sources. The principle of operation of a storage system based on compressed air is analogous to that of a pumped-storage power plant. The choice of installation location depends primarily on the availability of underground reservoirs where compressed air can be stored.

Magnetic Energy Storage

Uses a magnetic field to store energy in the form of the potential energy of magnets. Magnetic storages are highly efficient, quickly charge and discharge, and have a long lifespan.

Energy Storage from Photovoltaic Panels

Various energy storage technologies allow them to be adapted to the needs of each renewable energy investment. Below we present the most popular solutions used to store solar energy:

• Energy storage batteries – The most common way to store electrical energy produced by photovoltaic panels is batteries. Typical types of batteries used to store energy from photovoltaics are lithium-ion batteries, which are efficient, have a long lifespan, and are easy to manage.
• Hybrid systems – Storing energy from photovoltaic panels can include the use of hybrid systems. They combine photovoltaic panels with other energy sources such as wind or water turbines. Integrated hybrid systems can offer greater energy independence and can be more efficient in areas where weather conditions dynamically change.
• Flow technologies – Flow storages are another technology used to store energy from PV panels. Flow storages are scalable and can store larger amounts of energy compared to traditional batteries.
• Energy management and smart grids – With the development of energy management technologies and smart grids, storing energy from photovoltaic panels is becoming more advanced. Intelligent energy management systems can optimize the charging and discharging time of batteries depending on weather conditions, energy prices, and individual user needs.

Read also: How does a photovoltaic installation with energy storage work?

Energy Storage from Wind Power

• Lithium-ion batteries – Are widely used to store excess energy during periods when the wind blows strongly, and energy production is high. They can later release the stored energy when the wind weakens or during periods of increased demand.
• Flow storages – Also known as flow batteries, store energy in the form of electrolyte, allowing easy adjustment of storage capacity to the requirements of wind energy production.
• Thermal storages – Wind energy can be used to generate heat stored in thermal substances such as water or stones. This can be used to heat buildings or to produce electricity through a steam turbine.
• Hydrogen electrolysis – Wind can be used for water electrolysis, producing hydrogen, which is then stored and used to power fuel cells or produce synthetic fuels.

Energy Storage Method – How to Choose the Best One?

Different types of energy storages provide a wide range of uses. The choice of the most optimal storage method depends on factors such as the characteristics of renewable energy production, energy consumption profile, financial requirements, as well as local environmental conditions. When considering different options, it is crucial to understand that each has its unique properties, which may better address specific challenges and needs of a given area or project.

At Electrum, we offer solutions tailored to the specific conditions of each renewable energy installation. Our goal is always to manage energy resources efficiently and economically. Contact us

Hybrid Installation and Energy Storages

A pioneering project by Electrum, implemented under the MESH4U initiative, is the development of a hybrid energy storage system that combines various technologies – from electrochemical to thermal and mechanical.

This multifunctional storage hub not only provides flexibility in managing energy resources for industry and households but also enables technical and economic optimization. Through a holistic approach, the system increases the efficiency of renewable energy utilization and supports the transition towards a low-emission economy.

Read also: Electrum launched the first hybrid energy-informatics system in Poland, integrating RES and energy storages

The Future of Energy Storage

Modern energy storages, called the energy storages of the future, are in an intensive development phase. If you want to know more about this topic, read: How Energy Storages Are Revolutionizing the Renewable Energy Market?

Energy Storage and Monitoring

In effective energy storage, it is essential not only how we store the energy but also how we monitor the process. Our innovative EMACS (Everything Monitoring and Control System) solution combines the advantages of the classical SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system with advanced business analysis functions, creating the first and only such multifunctional platform on the Polish market.

Key benefits of implementing the EMACS system include:

• Significant reduction in operational costs through continuous monitoring of the facility’s infrastructure
• Immediate response to malfunctions, often allowing remote resolution
• Improvement of technological processes through automation and utilization of the installation’s maximum capabilities at any given moment
• Effective monitoring of energy production, consumption, storage, and distribution, allowing precise determination of the energy balance of industrial installations.

Types of Energy Storages – Summary

In this article, we presented various methods of energy storage and types of storages that are an indispensable element of the effective utilization of renewable energy sources. From electrochemical systems, through thermal, to mechanical – each of these technologies has its place in the energy ecosystem, offering specific benefits and opportunities.

We are building a solar farm that aims to bring profits to investors and offer numerous benefits to society. However, the sun does not always shine due to weather, seasons, or time of day. Consequently, the use of energy storage systems becomes crucial to ensure stable electricity supply and maximize the profitability of the investment. Let’s start by understanding what a photovoltaic installation with energy storage is and how it works.

What is a Photovoltaic Installation with Energy Storage?

Instalacja fotowoltaiczna (PV) jest systemem składającym się z paneli PV, które przekształcają światło słoneczne na energię elektryczną. Energia może być wówczas wykorzystywana na bieżąco lub magazynowana. W przypadku chęci magazynowania energii, niezbędne są np. baterie litowo-jonowe czy baterie przepływowe, które pozwolą użyć ją w późniejszym czasie. Tym samym elastyczne zarządzanie energią staje się słowem kluczem wyznaczającym trendy w branży OZE.

A photovoltaic (PV) installation is a system consisting of PV panels that convert sunlight into electricity. The energy can then be used immediately or stored. For energy storage, lithium-ion batteries or flow batteries are typically required, allowing for the energy to be used later. Thus, flexible energy management becomes a key term setting trends in the renewable energy sector.

How Does a Photovoltaic Installation with Energy Storage Work?

A photovoltaic system integrated with energy storage collects the excess energy produced. This allows energy to be sold, for example, in the evening hours when the profit is higher.

The energy storage system includes:

• Battery Modules – Store the electric energy.
• Bidirectional Inverters (Storage Inverters) – Convert direct current from batteries to alternating current sent to the grid and convert alternating current to direct current during battery charging.
• Control Devices – Systems for energy management.
• Temperature Control Systems (Optional) – Support the efficiency and lifespan of PV panels.

Hybrid Photovoltaic Installation with Energy Storage

Recently, hybrid installations, which combine wind farms and photovoltaic farms with battery energy storage, have gained popularity. You can read more about such an investment here:

Electrum is building the first hybrid Sun-Wind power plant for the Lewandpol Group in Poland.

Location of Energy Storage on a Photovoltaic Farm

Energy storage can be located near central inverters or transformer stations on the photovoltaic farm site. It can be housed in specially designed buildings or containers, depending on the battery technology used or technical requirements. For large PV farms, locating energy storage in a central point can be advantageous as it minimizes energy transmission losses.

How to Choose Energy Storage for Photovoltaics?

Selecting energy storage for large-scale photovoltaic farms requires advanced analysis and consideration of specific needs and requirements of such an installation. Key factors include:

• Historical analysis
• Energy production forecasts
• Grid demand
• Determining capacity requirements (daily and total)
• Battery type analysis
• Integration of energy storage with energy management systems.

Properly matching energy storage to a photovoltaic installation can be carried out by an experienced renewable energy contractor.

What is the MESH4U Project? Energy Storage for Large Photovoltaic Farms

Modern energy storage systems can consist of several types of storage and be integrated with IT systems that optimize energy management.

The Electrum – MESH4U project combines several types of storage:

• Electrical
• Thermal
• Mechanical
• Chemical

Such a holistic approach, combined with the use of new energy management technologies, allows for maximum energy utilization.

Energy Storage Methods for PV Farms

Lithium-ion batteries are a common solution for storing electrical energy from photovoltaic panels. They can store surplus energy and release it during periods of low sunlight or at night. Currently, many companies around the world are working on other even more beneficial methods of storing energy from photovoltaic farms.

The Future of Energy Storage

What are some of the previously mentioned energy storage methods that are in the phase of intensive development?

Flow batteries

Flow Batteries – Currently one of the most promising technologies, allowing easier scaling of storage and characterized by long life. The use of flow electrolyte also increases safety by reducing the risk of overheating or explosion.

Gravity Storage for Photovoltaic Installations

This innovative solution can change the way we use energy from renewable sources. Its operation is based on a similar principle to that of pumped-storage hydroelectric plants. Instead of water, steel blocks are used, which are raised and lowered using reversible electric motors via a system of steel cables and pulleys.

Hydrogen Storage

Hydrogen is an effective energy carrier that can be stored for long periods without energy loss. This type of solution can help minimize fluctuations in solar energy production. This is particularly important for photovoltaic farms where energy production varies depending on weather conditions.

Read more: How Energy Storage Systems Are Revolutionizing the Renewable Energy Market?

Green Hydrogen

Green Hydrogen is often referred to as the fuel of the future. It can be used to store energy. Moreover, it can be used to produce other fuels, power vehicles, or heat buildings.

 

Benefits of Combining Photovoltaic Farms with Energy Storage

Combining energy storage with PV installations allows not only for balancing energy demand but also stabilizes energy grids.

Read more about the increase in energy storage efficiency in one of our projects implemented for a manufacturing company:

Electrum launched the first hybrid energy-IT system in Poland integrating renewable energy sources and energy storage.

• Energy storage enables the use of more previously produced energy,
• Reducing dependency on external suppliers and ensuring energy independence,
• It ensures energy security by allowing energy use during power outages,
• Enables efficient operation of transmission and distribution networks,
• Flexible energy sales management, leading to greater profits for investors,
• Easier obtaining of connection conditions.

Photovoltaic Installations without Energy Storage

We already know that photovoltaics with energy storage offer many benefits. However, is it necessary to use storage in every installation project? Numerous installations function without energy storage, but for large-scale photovoltaic farms, storage is an important element of infrastructure. The need for their use depends on various factors such as local conditions, network infrastructure, or project goals.

Electrum – A Polish Leader in Information and Alternative Energy Sectors

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Location of a Photovoltaic Farm – What You Need to Know?

Choosing the Location for a Photovoltaic Farm – Where to Start?

Selecting the site for a photovoltaic farm is one of the key decisions for an investor. To ensure the investment is profitable, various factors must be considered, which we will discuss in detail in this guide.

Sunlight Exposure

Our considerations should begin with the most important aspect, which is sunlight exposure.

In Poland, there are 16 voivodeships, and if we calculate the average annual sunlight exposure in each of them, we find that the differences in sunlight across the regions are not very significant. The general sunlight exposure in Poland ranges from approximately 1000 kWh/m² to 1150 kWh/m² [average annual sunlight in kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m²)].

Sunlight exposure is influenced by factors such as:

• Terrain
• Microclimate
• Vegetation
• Buildings

The highest sunlight exposure is found in the southern voivodeships of Poland, while the lowest is in the north.

Sunlight Exposure and Energy Production

The ideal plot for a photovoltaic farm should have the highest possible sunlight exposure throughout the year. Higher sunlight exposure means more solar energy available for conversion into electricity.

A difference of 100-150 kWh/m² can translate to about a 10-15% difference in energy production. In practice, this means that photovoltaic farms in voivodeships with higher sunlight exposure will be slightly more efficient and can generate more energy annually.

Terrain Configuration for a Solar Farm

Choosing the land for a photovoltaic farm also involves analyzing the surface itself. Let’s consider two options: flat and sloped terrain.

Flat Terrain for a Photovoltaic Farm

The main advantages of this solution are:

• Ease of installation of photovoltaic systems
• Easy, even distribution of panels with equal spacing
• Lower construction costs due to simpler support structures
• Maintenance and service work often proceed more smoothly than on sloped terrain

Sloped Terrain for a Photovoltaic Farm

Let’s discuss a plot characterized by a slight slope. The most beneficial would be a slight southern slope because:

• It guarantees optimal sun exposure
• A sloped terrain can facilitate natural runoff of rainwater, reducing the risk of flooding and soil erosion

A detailed technical and design analysis should always be conducted to determine if the chosen land is suitable for building a photovoltaic farm and how best to utilize its potential.

Electrum maximizes land potential and builds the largest photovoltaic farms in Poland:

Learn more about what we do

 

Heavily Sloped Terrain – Risks

Significant slopes can lead to problems such as:

• Difficulties in optimal panel placement
• Unwanted shading of panels
• Complicated construction and difficult installation of PV panels
• Higher service and maintenance costs due to harder access to panels

Local Climate

When choosing a location for a solar farm, we must also consider the local climate. We have already discussed sunlight exposure, so now let’s analyze factors like:

• Temperature
• Precipitation
• Wind
• Humidity

Temperature

High temperatures can negatively affect the efficiency of photovoltaic panels. Photovoltaic modules contain silicon, which can overheat. Consequently, this can lead to a sudden drop in voltage and reduced energy efficiency of the PV installation.

Understanding the variability of temperature throughout the day and year in a given area helps estimate its impact on energy production. In some cases, cooling systems need to be adjusted or other temperature management strategies implemented.

Precipitation

In regions with high rainfall, panels may need to be cleaned more frequently to ensure their maximum efficiency.

Rain can leave mineral deposits on photovoltaic panels, and accumulated dirt reduces light transmission. Additionally, in regions with frequent rainfall, there is stronger vegetation growth, which sheds pollen and leaves deposits on panels.

Extreme Weather Conditions

Some areas are characterized by very strong winds, heavy rainfall, hailstorms, high humidity, or conversely, periods of drought. Choosing a site for a photovoltaic farm should be preceded by a detailed analysis, as in such areas, the investment may prove particularly risky.

Ideal Plot for a Photovoltaic Farm – What Else to Consider?

In choosing the ideal plot for a photovoltaic investment, we focused on climate and terrain aspects. However, this is far too little to speak of the best location for a photovoltaic farm. The following factors must also be analyzed.

Environmental Aspects

Building a photovoltaic farm can impact local ecosystems, including vegetation and animals, so analyzing the fauna and flora in the given location is essential. An environmental impact assessment of the farm may be necessary.

Social Aspects

It is important whether the local community accepts the construction of a photovoltaic farm in this specific location. Community resistance can lead to protests and project delays.

A good location for a photovoltaic farm does not affect the comfort of local residents, for example, through noise or light reflections reaching buildings. A suitable distance from neighbors will help avoid such situations.

Distance from the power grid

Locating a plot close to the power grid can reduce investment costs. We avoid the need to build infrastructure over a given distance. An investment located close to connection points for the photovoltaic farm also helps minimize transmission losses. Many sources recommend that the distance from the power grid should not exceed 200 meters.

Photovoltaic Farm and Proximity to the Forest

If the land is near a forest, it carries the necessity of analyzing the impact of trees on potential shading. This is also associated with the occurrence of more pollutants such as pollen and dry leaves. It is also necessary to analyze soil stability in such an area, conduct environmental studies, and assess the impact of the planned PV farm on the environment.

Distance of Photovoltaics from Buildings

Due to the noise from inverters, it is assumed that a photovoltaic farm should be located at least 100 meters from buildings. Much depends on the specific local conditions. Minimizing the visibility of panels from nearby homes will help not disturb the landscape and eliminate the risk of light reflections.

Location of the Farm Relative to Roads and Cities

Locating a photovoltaic farm near roads facilitates the transport of equipment components or building materials. The proximity of well-maintained roads can reduce transportation and logistics costs both during the construction and operation of the farm. The local land-use plan should be considered to help determine where photovoltaic farms can be located.

In many cases, a detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required to ensure that the PV farm will not negatively affect the surrounding areas.

The proximity of a city can be associated with high pollution levels, and pollutants can settle on panels. A good location for a photovoltaic farm will be away from the city, although the final decision may be conditioned by other factors.

What Should Be the Optimal Area for a Photovoltaic Farm Plot?

The size of a photovoltaic farm determines its profits. We can estimate that for a 1 MW farm, an area of 1.5 to 2 hectares (ha) is needed. To optimally arrange photovoltaic panels, the plot for the farm should be at least 50 meters wide.

What Type of Land to Choose?

Some lands are not suitable for use as a photovoltaic farm.

Land Class

For photovoltaic farms, lower-class lands such as arable lands of classes IV, V, and VI are usually preferred because they are less valuable for agriculture. Fallow lands will also work.

Legal Status of the Plot

Lease or ownership allows the investor to use the location for construction. Leasing agricultural land can be economically advantageous, while purchasing the plot gives full control over the facility without time frames.

We Have the Ideal Location for a Photovoltaic Farm – What Next?

We have analyzed the local land-use plan, grid connection conditions, environmental, climatic, and other factors from the above list. The next step will be a well-thought-out design of the photovoltaic farm to optimally use the available space.

At Electrum Ventures, we are responsible for the first stage of photovoltaic farm implementation:

Photovoltaic farm design

 

After obtaining the necessary permits, the construction of the photovoltaic farm can begin.

How to Choose the Best Location for a Photovoltaic Farm?

Summary

The location of the PV installation is crucial for the profitability of the entire investment. We hope this guide will help you effectively select available locations and contribute to the success of your renewable energy investment. If you have any questions, feel free to contact us:

Contact – Electrum Holding

Electrum and Photovoltaic Investment Implementation

We build photovoltaic farms using the latest technologies. Learn more about our projects:

Electrum completed the construction of the first photovoltaic farm with Nofar Energy

Electrum and PAD RES will implement another joint solar project

The largest photovoltaic power plant in Europe built by Electrum was established in Greater Poland

Electrum started the construction of photovoltaic farms in Sztum and Mikołajki Pomorskie

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Energy Sector

In April of this year, during the Energy Tech Summit conference held in Bilbao, Spain, Agnieszka Gawinek spoke about artificial intelligence in the energy sector. Today’s article is based on the material prepared by the speaker.

 

What Awaits Us in the Future??  

 

How can new technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), help achieve better results without additional investments in existing resources or infrastructure? When discussing sustainable growth, Net-Zero strategies, or energy efficiency, we should focus on creating more benefits and additional value from energy assets using innovative IT tools and a smart, long-term vision of the future.

 

The Neuronal Brain of the Climate Tech Energy Centre

 

As we all know, energy assets require dedicated services such as maintenance, constant monitoring with guaranteed SLA agreements, specialists always on standby with extensive knowledge and solutions for any emerging challenge.  

Imagine for a moment a digital neuronal brain, pulsating with thousands of interconnected neurons, dealing with the analysis and innovation in the field of climate, energy, and technology… This is the core of a sustainable future where ideas transform into technologies that provide clean energy.

 

How Can It Work? 

 

1) This advanced AI-based system acts as a pulsating center of thoughts and ideas. It consists of thousands of interconnected neurons and analyzes data related to climate, energy, and technology to draw conclusions and propose innovative solutions. 

2) The neuronal brain collects vast amounts of data on climate change, energy consumption, renewable technologies, and other key areas. By analyzing Big Data, it generates insights and forecasts to support decision-making related to environmental protection and clean energy development.  

3) Using advanced machine learning algorithms, the neuronal brain designs new technologies related to renewable energy, energy efficiency, and CO2 emission reduction.  

4)  It not only generates ideas but also supports startups and innovators in bringing their solutions to the market. By collaborating with experts from various fields, it mobilizes the resources needed to accelerate the transition to clean energy. 

 

Trends in the Evolution of Energy Architecture

The future depends on integrating artificial intelligence with various energy sources and storage solutions, creating a synergy that not only ensures stable energy supply but also protects the environment. Key observed trends in the evolution of energy architecture may include: 

• Greater diversification of energy generation sources.
• Increasing share of RES compared to conventional power plants.
• Dynamic changes in the energy mix, adapting to market conditions.
• Stricter requirements for energy quality and detailed energy consumption profiles.

 

AI in Energy and the Era of Change  

 

We must be ready and open to the Era of Change, where traditional energy systems give way to innovative architectures based on distributed and decentralized energy sources. What does this mean? Which elements of this new energy system are crucial? 

 

1. Distributed Energy Sources

 

The vision of the future relies on the use of distributed energy sources – smaller in volume but in greater numbers of locations. The combination of various renewable energy sources and microgrids moves towards a sustainable ecosystem that produces energy for local communities and industrial zones.

 

 2. Decentralized Management Systems

 

Traditional centralized management systems are giving way to decentralized platforms based on blockchain and artificial intelligence. These smart grids allow for efficient management of energy production, distribution, and consumption at both local and global levels.

 

 3. Innovative Energy Storage Technologies

 

Energy storage is becoming a key element of the future energy architecture. From advanced batteries to technologies based on hydrogen and other energy carriers, innovative solutions allow for the flexible and efficient storage and use of energy.

 

 4. Interactive Networks and Social Collaboration

 

In the world of the future, everyone can be both a producer and a consumer of energy. Interactive networks and social platforms enable energy exchange between users, supporting the idea of resource sharing and energy solidarity.

 

 5. Sustainable Development and the Environment

 

The new energy system architecture emphasizes sustainable development and environmental protection. Transitioning to renewable energy sources and reducing CO2 emissions become key priorities to create a clean and healthy planet for future generations.

 

Climate Tech and AI Features in the Energy Sector

 

Artificial intelligence is an essential component of Climate Tech. 

 

Intelligent Management

 

Artificial intelligence enables the optimization of energy production, distribution, and consumption in real-time, using data to forecast and adjust.

 

Dynamic Response to Changing Conditions

 

Thanks to artificial intelligence, the system can dynamically respond to changing environmental, political, and economic conditions. Flexibility allows for quick adaptation to new situations and minimizes risks associated with conflicts or climate changes.

 

Optimizing Resource Use in Different Regions and Times

 

Artificial intelligence in the energy sector enables the optimization of the performance of existing wind, photovoltaic, or hybrid power plants, even if they are not designed and built in the best way. 

 

We Offer Creative Technological and Business Solutions at Every Stage of Investment:: 

Learn more about Who We Are – Electrum Holding

 

Market and Policy Adaptation

 

Artificial intelligence combined with human intelligence brings fantastic results in the business area. The world of energy is changing, regardless of which country we consider. Each one is in the process of energy transformation. Therefore, systems must be flexible and adapt to emerging business opportunities.

 

Technology Development

 

It is clear that energy systems will be improved every year. We have limited natural resources and time to save the planet and the environment. Hence, our mission is to invent highly advanced and prosperous solutions needed to ensure overall global growth.

 

Machine Learning and Energy Production

 

Machine learning plays a key role in predicting demand and production levels, allowing for the optimization of energy use by adjusting resources during peak hours.

 

Optimized Distribution

 

Intelligent systems take into account various factors such as costs and emissions to effectively control energy distribution, ultimately minimizing losses.

 

Dynamic Pricing

 

Dynamic energy prices change depending on demand and supply, leading to increased economic efficiency. Both consumers and producers benefit from it.

 

Achieving Network Harmony

 

Network harmony can be achieved when production and consumption are at the same level.

 

Improved Weather Forecasting Models

 

Using AI technology for better prediction of weather changes. This can be one of the key factors in effectively managing electricity production and distribution.

 

Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector – Summary

 

The Energy Tech Summit 2024 conference proved to be extremely fruitful for us. We had many inspiring conversations about the future of the energy sector, the role of companies in shaping a sustainable sector, and the revolutionary technologies that await us just around the corner.

 

 

What You Need to Know About Cable Pooling?

Cable pooling is an innovative practice involving the shared use of infrastructure by multiple installations, such as wind farms and photovoltaic farms. This concept is inherently linked to hybrid installations.